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<title>Negative space</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Negative space</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the song by A Day to Remember, see <a href="Bad_Vibrations" title="Bad Vibrations"><i>Bad Vibrations</i></a>. For the animated short film, see <a href="Negative_Space_(film)" title="Negative Space (film)">Negative Space (film)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="White_space_(visual_arts)" title="White space (visual arts)">White space (visual arts)</a>.</div>

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<p>In art and design, <b>negative space</b> or <b>negative volume</b> is the empty space around and between the subject(s) of an image.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In graphic design this is known as <a href="White_space_(visual_arts)" title="White space (visual arts)"><b>white space</b></a>. Negative space may be most evident when the space around a subject, not the subject itself, forms an interesting or artistically relevant shape, and such space occasionally is used to artistic effect as the "real" subject of an image.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>The use of negative space is a key element of artistic composition. The <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> word "<a href="Ma_(negative_space)" title="Ma (negative space)">ma</a>" is sometimes used for this concept, for example in <a href="Garden_design" title="Garden design">garden design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a composition, the positive space has the more visual weight while the surrounding space - that is less visually important is seen as the negative space.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In a two-tone, black-and-white image, a subject is normally depicted in black and the space around it is left blank (white), thereby forming a <a href="Silhouette" title="Silhouette">silhouette</a> of the subject. Reversing the tones so that the space around the subject is printed black and the subject itself is left blank, however, causes the negative space to be apparent as it forms shapes around the subject. This is called <a href="Figure-ground_(perception)" class="mw-redirect" title="Figure-ground (perception)">figure-ground reversal</a>.

</p><p>In <a href="Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a> of printed or displayed materials, where effective communication is the objective, the use of negative space may be crucial. Not only within the <a href="Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>, but in its placement in relation to the whole. It is the basis of why upper and lower case typography always is more legible than the use of all capital letters.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative space varies around lower case letters, allowing the human eye to distinguish each word rapidly as one distinctive item, rather than having to parse out what the words are in a <a href="Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">string of letters</a> that all present the same overall profile as in all caps. The same judicious use of negative space drives the <a href="White_space_(visual_arts)" title="White space (visual arts)">effectiveness of the entire design</a>. Because of the long history of the use of black ink on white paper, "<a href="White_space_(visual_arts)" title="White space (visual arts)">white space</a>" is the term often used in graphics to identify the same separation.

</p><p>Elements of an image that distract from the intended subject, or in the case of <a href="Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, objects in the same <a href="Focal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal plane">focal plane</a>, are not considered negative space. Negative space may be used to depict a subject in a chosen medium by showing everything around the subject, but not the subject itself. Use of negative space will produce a <a href="Silhouette" title="Silhouette">silhouette</a> of the subject. Most often, negative space is used as a neutral or contrasting background to draw attention to the main subject, which then is referred to as the positive space. In photography, negative space may also connote a type of shadows called ephemeral shadows.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, lighting is used to express the existence of an unseen space.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Considering and improving the balance between negative space and positive space in a composition is considered by many to enhance the design. This basic, but often overlooked, principle of design gives the eye a "place to rest," increasing the appeal of a composition through subtle means.

</p><p>The use of negative space in art may be analogous to silence in music, but only when it is juxtaposed with adjacent musical ideas. As such, there is a difference between inert and active silences in music, where the latter is more closely analogous to negative space in art.

</p><p>Negative space in art, also referred to as "air space", is the space around and between objects. Instead of focusing on drawing the actual object, for a negative space drawing, the focus is on what's between the objects. For example, if one is drawing a plant, they would draw the space in-between the leaves, not the actual leaves. This technique requires one to forget about a conceptual meaning of an object and forces them to observe through shapes, rather than drawing what they may think an object looks like.

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<p>Negative space is used with <a href="Figure%E2%80%93ground_(perception)" title="Figure–ground (perception)">figure-ground</a> <a href="Ambigram" title="Ambigram">ambigrams</a> and <a href="Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellations</a> to display words or pictures in different directions after rotation (one way or other depending on the <a href="Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a> of the image).<sup id="cite_ref-AlainNicolasBooks_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlainNicolasBooks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AlainNicolasBnF_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlainNicolasBnF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition (visual arts)</a></li>

<li><a href="Figure%E2%80%93ground_(perception)" title="Figure–ground (perception)">Figure–ground (perception)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ma_(negative_space)" title="Ma (negative space)">Ma (negative space)</a></li>

<li><a href="Reversing_type" title="Reversing type">Reversing type</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space (punctuation)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cnbc.com/2015/05/01/13-famous-logos-that-require-a-double-take.html">http://cnbc.com/2015/05/01/13-famous-logos-that-require-a-double-take.html</a></span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLucie-Smith1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lucie-Smith, Edward (1984). "negative volume, negative space". <i>The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Art Terms</i>. p. 128. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-500-23389-4</bdi>. <q>An enclosed empty space in architecture, sculpture or painting which makes an essential contribution to the composition.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/jgard/msg100248139141.html">"FAQ: 'Ma' and 'Mu' - Japanese Gardens Forum - GardenWeb"</a>. Forums.gardenweb.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990504184946/http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/Ne.html">"ArtLex's Ne-Nz page"</a>. Artlex.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/Ne.html">the original</a> on 1999-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfj-online.org/journalPages/MFJ38/iimura.html">"A Note for MA: Space/Time in the Garden of Ryoan-Ji - Iimura"</a>. Mfj-online.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChenShannon2020" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Mark; Shannon, Chelsea (2020). <i>Photography: A 21st Century Practice</i>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 188. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-000-18524-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArditiCho2007" class="citation journal cs1">Arditi, Aries; Cho, Jianna (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2016788">"Letter case and text legibility in normal and low vision"</a>. <i>Vision Research</i>. <b>47</b> (19): <span class="nowrap">2449–</span>2505. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.visres.2007.06.010">10.1016/j.visres.2007.06.010</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2016788">2016788</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17675131">17675131</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2018" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Irving (2018). <i>New York School</i>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 151. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-06-438505-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarronMariani2013" class="citation book cs1">Barron, Patrick; Mariani, Manuela (2013). <i>Terrain Vague: Interstices at the Edge of the Pale</i>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 85. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-82767-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-AlainNicolasBooks-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlainNicolasBooks_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFProkhorov2013" class="citation book cs1">Prokhorov, Nikita (15 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dWTaRp2-HDUC&q=alain+nicolas+ambigrams+revealed&pg=PT53"><i>Alain Nicolas in Ambigrams revealed</i></a>. New Riders. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-13-308646-1</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-AlainNicolasBnF-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlainNicolasBnF_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nicolas, Alain (2018-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40110766q"><i>Parcelles d'infini - promenade au jardin d'Escher - Alain Nicolas</i></a> (in French). Belin, Pour la science. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-2-84245-075-5</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-07</span></span>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (help)</span></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Negative_space" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Negative space">Negative space</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021150441/http://tangyauhoong.com/negative-space/">Negative Space. The Art of Negative Space: An Attempt to Tell a Story Through Illustration.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creativebloq.com/art/art-negative-space-8133765">The Art of Negative Space: 15 Amazing Examples</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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